Raising and control patterns

Distinguish structures where a subject is semantically selected by the main verb from those where it belongs to the infinitive clause.

When do we use it?

Use seem, appear, happen, be likely, persuade and expect with accurate infinitive patterns.

Form

Raising verbs allow subject + seem + to, while control verbs assign roles to their subjects or objects.

• She seems to understand.
• He persuaded us to stay.
• They are expected to arrive.

Key contrast

At C2, grammar is a resource for controlling perspective, density, rhythm and register, not merely avoiding error.

Common mistakes

• She seems that understands. → She seems to understand.
• He persuaded that we stay. → He persuaded us to stay.

Remember

Distinguish structures where a subject is semantically selected by the main verb from those where it belongs to the infinitive clause.

Quick check

• Identify the information focus and logical relationship.
• Check auxiliary order, reference and complement pattern.
• Choose the option that is idiomatic in the intended register.