Linkers of contrast, concession and result

Connect ideas with although, despite, however, therefore and so that while controlling clause and noun-phrase patterns.

When do we use it?

Select linkers according to meaning, grammar and punctuation.

Form

Use although + clause, despite + noun/-ing, and sentence adverbs such as however and therefore with punctuation.

• Although it rained, we left.
• Despite the rain, we left.
• It rained; however, we left.

Key contrast

At B2, choose the form from the complete context: sequence, viewpoint, degree of certainty and clause structure all matter.

Common mistakes

• Despite it was raining. → Although it was raining.
• Although the rain. → Despite the rain.

Remember

Connect ideas with although, despite, however, therefore and so that while controlling clause and noun-phrase patterns.

Quick check

• Identify the time relationship or intended meaning.
• Check the auxiliary, participle and clause pattern.
• Eliminate answers that fit the words but not the context.