Advanced relative reference

Use sentential which, preposition-fronted relatives and quantifier relatives to create precise formal reference.

When do we use it?

Distinguish reference to a noun from reference to an entire preceding proposition.

Form

Use which for clause reference, preposition + whom/which, and many of whom/which.

• The plan was rejected, which surprised us.
• The principles on which it rests.
• Ten people attended, three of whom spoke.

Key contrast

At C2, grammar is a resource for controlling perspective, density, rhythm and register, not merely avoiding error.

Common mistakes

• The plan was rejected, that surprised us. → The plan was rejected, which surprised us.
• the person to who I spoke → the person to whom I spoke

Remember

Use sentential which, preposition-fronted relatives and quantifier relatives to create precise formal reference.

Quick check

• Identify the information focus and logical relationship.
• Check auxiliary order, reference and complement pattern.
• Choose the option that is idiomatic in the intended register.