Non-defining relative clauses

Add non-essential information with comma-separated relative clauses using who, which, whose or where.

When do we use it?

Recognize non-defining punctuation and avoid that in this type of clause.

Form

Use commas around non-essential information; do not normally use that in non-defining clauses.

• My brother, who lives abroad, is visiting.
• The laptop, which I bought last year, has broken.

Key contrast

At B2, choose the form from the complete context: sequence, viewpoint, degree of certainty and clause structure all matter.

Common mistakes

• My brother, that lives abroad, is visiting. → My brother, who lives abroad, is visiting.
• Paris which is in France is beautiful. → Paris, which is in France, is beautiful.

Remember

Add non-essential information with comma-separated relative clauses using who, which, whose or where.

Quick check

• Identify the time relationship or intended meaning.
• Check the auxiliary, participle and clause pattern.
• Eliminate answers that fit the words but not the context.