Advanced reference and substitution

Track complex discourse referents with the former, the latter, such, those and do so without introducing ambiguity.

When do we use it?

Select substitutions according to number, distance and the type of meaning replaced.

Form

Use noun substitutes for entities, such for a described type or situation and do so for actions.

• The former was cheaper; the latter was safer.
• Those affected were notified.
• If required to revise it, we will do so.

Key contrast

At C2, grammar is a resource for controlling perspective, density, rhythm and register, not merely avoiding error.

Common mistakes

• the latters → the latter
• If asked to revise, we will do it so. → If asked to revise, we will do so.

Remember

Track complex discourse referents with the former, the latter, such, those and do so without introducing ambiguity.

Quick check

• Identify the information focus and logical relationship.
• Check auxiliary order, reference and complement pattern.
• Choose the option that is idiomatic in the intended register.